The usual courts and justice system were totally circumvented, and there was no chance of appeal other than purchasing extremely high priced royal pardons. Henrys Chamber Accounts show payment to strangers and people across the sea, who appear to have been part of a network of spies and informers who kept an eye on potential troublemakers and alerted the King. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. He was the last king of England to win . He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. Henry VII ruled - as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do - through fear rather than love. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. Corrections? [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. [53] Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. Claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the son of Richard IIIs elder brother, George, duke of Clarence, he had the formidable support of John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, Richard IIIs heir designate, of many Irish chieftains, and of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. He had enough of that getting himself to the throne. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. It took Henry, who in any case needed to marry her if the expected issue was to solve the succession problem, some six years to achieve their joint purpose. He created the Tudor dynasty. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. I wasn't disappointed because, as usual, he did a great job with the narration. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Martin Luther 95 thesis. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. [15], By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. of course, a large proportion of my opinion is probably due to the fact that i knew a lot about henry vii already, and Penn tried to create quite a thrilling/mysterious feel, which is all well and good if you don't already know how everything plays out. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. The rebels were defeated (June 1487) in a hard-fought battle at Stoke (East Stoke, near Newark in Nottinghamshire), where the doubtful loyalty of some of the royal troops was reminiscent of Richard IIIs difficulties at Bosworth. Penn is not one to understate a case. As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. [58], Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files Penn explained that the marriage had been one of genuine love and that Henry was shattered by his wifes death. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. This book is a nonfiction look at King Henry the VII. [4] Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Elizabeth had died in childbirth, so Henry had the dispensation also permit him to marry Catherine himself. Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. ), The Reign of Henry VII. [18] He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Penn then moved on to how Henry became King. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. Why is this ambitious? Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. Yet Henry's techniques of power went beyond the needs of surveillance and survival. Life at court was merry under Henry 8th, a fresh new beginning likened to springtime. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. During his 23-year reign, Henry had only two Lord High Treasurers, and this continuity helped provide stability. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. [64] This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. 1509. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. The future Henry VIII, in contrast,. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. After the Holy Roman Emperor . From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. 1845. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. Henry VII's reign has yielded an evocative study, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, ILLUSTRATION: CLIFFORD HARPER/AGRAPHIA.CO.UK. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Backdating Henry's Reign. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. Penn went on to show Henry VIIs wax funeral effigy, which I saw on my recent trip to London, and which shows his fine-boned features and his crooked eye, but also a face bearing the signs of stress and illness. Henry IV had confirmed Richard IIs legitimation (1397) of the children of this union but had specifically excluded the Beauforts from any claim to the throne (1407). Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. Updates? Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. This is why he named the book the Winter King. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. This was excellent. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. It was no easy feat. Penn's picture of a reign of terror carries disturbing echoes of the Roman historian Tacitus's account of the emperor Tiberius, another ruler whose abridgements of liberty followed an era of civil strife. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. It is a sobering reflection for professional historians that the apparently unpromising territory of Henry's reign has recently produced two memorable books, both of them written outside their ranks: this one, and Ann Wroe's biography of the pretender, Perkin (2003), a longer work on a shorter subject. An ally of Henry's, Viscount Jean du Qulennec[fr], soon arrived, bringing news that Francis had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! Thank you for subscribing. The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have.
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