The purpose of this assessment is to compare two different types of razors: cartridge based vs. double edge safety razor. The next step is to temper the steel at a temperature of 482-752F (250- 400C) and pressed into thin sheets (Safety Razor, madehow.com). The blades, which are made from a carbide steel made using tungsten carbide, the handle, which is made from a combination of plastics such as polypropylene, polystyrene, and phenylene oxide (PPO), and the cartridge, which is made up of these plastics and sometimes the carbide steel as well (Safety Razor, madehow.com). Our LCA team retains its reputation as the most experienced life cycle staff in North America. Upgrading to a new, energy-efficient autoclave machine leads to a nearly equal reduction in life cycle GHG emissions and may be considered particularly in instances in which older equipment is being used. The studies have not found it to be harmful to drinking water, or public safety, however, it is an ongoing research of soil data that continues. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology to assess the environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its life - from raw material extraction, manufacture and use, to end-of-life disposal, recycling or reuse. Anaesth Intensive Care 2004;32:5304, 4. It is at this stage that very small amounts of other metals such as iron, silicon, and chromium may be added to the carbide to increase its strength and durability. Finally, the razors are packaged in cardboard and plastic, and shipped out to stores and markets globally for customers to purchase and use. Depending upon on how the razor is packaged, the finished cartridge may or may not be assembled onto the handle of the razor, as some companies choose to package the handle detached the cartridge(s). In my research, I was not able to find specifics about where BIC sources their materials, I believe that this is due to them being a global company. Anesthesiology 2003;99:1066, 6. 45. Buy Now. @article{Cordella2015EvolutionOD, title={Evolution of disposable baby diapers in Europe: life cycle assessment of environmental impacts and identification of key areas of improvement}, author={Mauro Cordella and Iris Bauer and Anja Lehmann and Matthias Schulz and Oliver Wolf}, journal={Journal of Cleaner Production}, year={2015}, volume={95 . The main causes of the reusable LMA's environmental impacts are the steam used in the autoclave sterilizing machine and, to a lesser extent, the wastewater generated from washing the LMAs. 3. Razor blades dull quickly after repeated use, and are recommended to be used only three to ten times, making them a cheap alternative to reusable cartridges. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method used to estimate the total environmental impacts from producing a good or service. Holes are then punched into the metal and the tapelike sheets of razors are then put in a roll (Manufacturing Processes). Lv, Andrea Lind, and Tigist Fetene. Goodman EJ, Haas AJ. All of which provides an easy user experience, but, takes a toll on the planet. They report their waste production being at 340 tons, which represented an increase of 22% from 2015 (Bic). The EPA has said in their 2014 report: Currently, little information is available about the fate and transport of tungsten in the environment and its effects on human health. Polystyrene. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Dec. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene. SimaPro 7.3.2. In addition, the impact categories of eutrophication (growth of microorganisms due to excess nutrients) and terrestrial ecotoxicity reflect the impacts on other species and ecosystems and have implications for public health. Steel Life Cycle.SSAB, www.ssab.com/company/sustainability/sustainable-offering/steel-life-cycle?di=discover21C927E58ECC41198B78D915F7E3E2AF. The Great Recovery was a project by the RSA working with Innovate UK which ran between 2012 and 2016. What Is Tungsten Carbide?" You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. associated with the environmental interventions attributable to the life-cycle of a product. What Is Polystyrene? Phoenix: IEEE, 2008, 23. hbbd``b`z$k@D Williams S, Henderson K. A survey into the number of times laryngeal masks are used. Die Basics 101: Intro to Stamping. The Fabricators, 18 July 2018, www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/article/stamping/die-basics-101-intro-to-stamping. The razors are mainly made of plastic, so they will be decomposing at a very slow rate in the landfill. These few simple materials go through processes of heating, cooling, moulding, cutting, and sharpening throughout their manufacturing process to eventually become the handle, razor blades, and blade cartridge, that will then be assembled to become a disposable razor. J Clin Anesth 1997;9:432, 20. The scope of our analysis, as is shown in Figure 1, includes extraction of material and energy resources, manufacturing, packaging and transport from the manufacturing site to the distribution center and the hospital, reprocessing, and eventual disposal. To begin the process of creating the metal, the tungsten is purified and ground into a fine powder. Tungsten Carbide. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Nov. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_carbide. A life-cycle inventory of cloth and disposable diapers was conducted based on diapering habits in Canada The parameters evaluated were energy consumption, water consumption, raw materials 15 Crop water use and water use efficiency on irrigated cotton farms in Australia S. Tennakoon, S. Milroy Environmental Science 2003 93 Environment Agency (Life Cycle Assessment of Disposable and Reusable Nappies in the U.K.) investigated the impact of three diapering systems: cloth diapers with home wash, cloth diapers with commercial laundry, and disposable diapers. In this life cycle breakdown, I will be discussing what materials go into the making of disposable razors and what processes the materials go through in the operation of making a disposable razor. At every point during planning, production, and even marketing, the quantity of consumption should be analyzed to adjust business models accordingly. The carbon alloy allows for the metal to be strong enough to be exposed to high levels of moisture without corroding, yet brittle enough to be made into thin blades for a multiple blade razor (Safety Razor). Here we present a life cycle assessment of 2 laryngeal mask airways (LMAs), a one-time-use disposable Unique LMA and a 40-time-use reusable Classic LMA. The most important sources of impacts for the disposable LMA were the production of polymers, packaging, and waste management, whereas for the reusable LMA, washing and sterilization dominated for most impact categories. Poly(p-Phenylene Oxide). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Sept. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide). Conversely, impacts can be reduced by autoclaving more LMAs at once or with other equipment with similar decontamination requirements. Anaesthesia 2007;62:3814, 5. van Zundert AAJ, Fonck K, Al-Shaikh B, Mortier E. Comparison of the LMA-Classic with the new disposable soft seal laryngeal mask in spontaneously breathing adult patients. The final value for the cartridge-based razor was 115.06 mPt, and the value for the double edge safety razor was 15.70 mPt. This is done on an assembly line by the robotic arm the inserts the razor blade into the small crevices in the plastic body. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019. www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/article/stamping/die-basics-101-intro-to-stamping, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/07/landfill-waste-how-prevent-disposable-razor-plastic-pollution/1943345001/, http://www.greatrecovery.org.uk/resources/3682/, www.plasticsnewseurope.com/article/20091119/PNE/311199986/bic-disposable-razor-1975, www.nytimes.com/1982/04/11/business/how-bic-lost-the-edge-to-gillette.html, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/polyphenylene-oxides, www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_tungsten_january2014_final.pdf, www.kai-group.com/global/en/kai-factory/process/razor/, www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/reducing-trichloroethylene-tce-waste-fabricated-metals-sector, www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Safety-Razor.html, www.recyclingtoday.com/article/the-recycling-potential-of-polypropylene/, www.ssab.com/company/sustainability/sustainable-offering/steel-life-cycle?di=discover21C927E58ECC41198B78D915F7E3E2AF, BEHR Oil Based Interior/Exterior Primer and Sealer, California Academy of Sciences Living Roof Life Cycle, UC Davis Social Sciences and Humanities Building, A-Z List for Digital & Electronics Topics. The advantage of using this method compared to a more comprehensive LCA method is that its much simpler to carry out and to gather the required information because the data regarding the most common materials and processes has been collected in advance. Most of those razors just end up in a landfill because most countries are not recycling them. By raising awareness and creating locations where one can drop off used razors for recycling, perhaps a change can come. The LMA was then dried with a cotton towel. The high waste from manufacturing and shipping such a small, and cheap product is one that is negatively impacting the planet. Address correspondence to Jodi Sherman, MD, Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, 333 Cedar Street, TMP3, New Haven, CT 06520. Policy H-135.945: Encouraging Alternatives to PVC/DEHP Products in Health. E.P.A. Phenylene oxide, or PPO, is another common plastic material used in disposable razors. Premature disposal of reusable LMAs has significant environmental impacts (as well as costs, discussed below). Then we collected and structured the data in phase 2. Define the Life-cycle This is an example of a simple product life-cycle diagram. It can also help them to compare the newly redesigned product to the original, acting as a benchmark to ensure the design changes are actually positive for the environment. Complete with an ergonomic shaped non-slip rubber handle for great control and maneuverability and easy rinse blades for 100% better rinsing (vs . Marine cargo ships use a fuel called heavy fuel oil which produces around 145,000 BTU per gallon (Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation.). BIC has done their best to deal with waste in an environmentally conscious manner. EPA. A Life Cycle Assessment of Disposable Razors. Zhang TW, Dornfeld DA. 15 - 21 Our group recently performed a life cycle assessment of anesthetic drug trays, finding that reusable trays were both environmentally and . And then there's the water. With such a fast accumulating waste and slow decomposition rate, there must be changes and incentive for companies to rethink the disposable razor. Polystyrene is not biodegradable and takes hundreds of years to break down. Siddle, Dave. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. What IS Life Cycle Assessment? So, while this solution is not an easy fix, as it would require buyers to save their own waste, it does provide an alternative to the disposable razor waste crisis. On the other hand, extending the number of uses to 80 (doubling the lifetime) reduces GHG emissions by 9%. Differences in environmental impacts between devices may present a compelling consideration in their selection. Waste is not only a problem when a product is disposed of, but also when it is initially manufactured. The cheap price of the razor does not reflect the high cost of its waste and impact on the environment. "Tungsten Processing." Polyphenylene Oxides.Polyphenylene Oxides - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, 2013, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/polyphenylene-oxides. BIC is voicing their concern about the environmental impact that their large production goals can have. Soulias M, Martin L, Garnier N, Juniot A, Aho L, Freysz M. Disposable vs reusable laryngeal mask airway: a cost-minimization analysis. The alloy is strong enough to resist moisture for a short time in the buyers shower, yet, in the landfill, it does eventually rust and decompose. 2 offers from $9.92. The original LMA was a reusable device (Intavent International SA, Henley-on-Thames, UK). Life Cycle Assessment - definition & methodology. . The US Environmental Protection Agency's Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI) life cycle impact assessment method was used to model environmental impacts of greenhouse gases and other pollutant emissions. The blade is made from a tungsten steel, and carbon alloy. Interpretation of results The last step in the process is to interpret the results and compare them against each other. This is based on our Life Cycle Inventory flows from phase 2. In 2016, Bic reduced packaging for their Soleil Razor by 40%. The blades and lubricating strip were too light to be measured with our equipment so their weights were rounded to 1g. 39 ($0.37/Count) FREE delivery Thu, Mar 2 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon. Scope of the life cycle assessment for disposable and reusable laryngeal mask airways (LMAs). Ans: (i) Significant growth in industry of super premium segment . After that the blades go through a blade edging process, which consists of the blade strips first being coarsely ground by whetstone, second being ground at an angle with a finer whetstone, and then having the tip of the blades ground (Manufacturing Processes). The total amount of direct GHG emissions in 2016 was estimated at 8,689 teqCO2, i.e. A major flaw in the disposable razors design is in fact its inability to be sustainably and properly disposed, despite what its name suggests. What Is Tungsten Carbide or Hard Metal? AZoM.com, 2 Aug. 2009, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4827. To start the process of making the blades, tungsten carbide is melted at high temperatures. Criteria air pollutants arise for the disposable LMA primarily from the production of ethylene (a polymer precursor) and the combustion of natural gas throughout the system, and for the reusable LMA from the combustion of fossil fuels to produce steam and electricity. xTkJ((5:Ome\%{yIlka;K=1 Sinha R, Sunder R. Retiring reusable laryngeal mask airways after 40: an anaesthetist's dilemma. The more capital-intensive option of increasing the energy efficiency of the autoclave machines by 10% decreases GHG emissions by 8%. Nash, Nathaniel C. HOW BIC LOST THE EDGE TO GILLETTE. The New York Times, The New York Times, 11 Apr. At an average of 10 reuse cycles, GHG impacts increase by >50%, and this is the break-even point at which the GHG emissions from reusable and disposable LMAs are essentially equal. 6,474. An updated lifecycle assessment for disposable and reusable nappies Report that looks at the effect of disposable and reusable nappies on global warming and other environmental impacts. This LCA is specific for surgical gowns used in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St Paul, Minnesota. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS - CLEAN EDGE, NON DISPOSABLE RAZOR Q1. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique for assessing the potential environmental aspects and potential aspects associated with a product (or service), by: compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs, evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs, These results will then be used to inform the design process and improve the redesigned razor. The environmental effects of labor are often omitted from life cycle assessment studies, but are included here as part of the sensitivity analysis. Once the plastic has cooled, the pieces are released from the moulds. The plastic handle and head of the disposable razor consists of a hybrid of polypropylene, polystyrene, and phenylene oxide, also known as PPO. From:. Sustainable Development Report. A new incentive must come for companies to be more sustainable with resources and create products that can still be cheap for the buyer, while also not taking a high cost on the environment. Some error has occurred while processing your request. How One Facility Completely Eliminated the Use of TCE Schick Razor Blade Manufacturing in Knoxville, Tennessee. 2017. 8 John Adam Street All that is needed is the insertion of the razor blade into the plastic body. BIC reported that the weight of one of their most popular disposable razors is 8.8 grams (Shavers). The actual making of the razors, and printing paper for their packaging has a lower environmental impact, than the waste from the factories high energy use. Redesigning the Razor Life Cycle Assessment.The Great Recovery, www.greatrecovery.org.uk/resources/3682/. They have teamed up with Gillette to raise awareness about the massive waste of disposable razors by allowing users to mail their old razors in to be recycled. It has a low density and is quite flexible and heat resistant, therefore making it an easily moulded and extruded material. :396?Qkt)e. The metal liquid then goes through a strengthening process called annealing. There is no public data entailing the details of this plastics recyclability. These are the reasons why I will carry out an Eco-Indicator Assessment instead of a full LCA. 748 0 obj <> endobj The metal is not yet to its final form, as it is still greatly held together by the previously added binders. A Comparison Life Cycle Assessment between Razor Blade and Electric Shaver. Dec. 2012. After getting the sharpened blade they are coated with a thin film to allows them to not lose sharpness after only a few shaves (Manufacturing Processes). Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) covers all relevant inputs from the environment (e.g., ores and crude oil, water, land use) as well as emissions into air, water and soil (e.g., carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides). We performed a life cycle assessment of 2 analogous LMAs, the disposable LMA Unique and the reusable LMA Classic, according to internationally accepted standard life cycle assessment methods (ISO 14040: 2006). This project is a collaboration between the Great Recovery Programme and Fab Lab London. Once extracted, the tungsten is then shipped to a desired location for it to be manufactured into the metal compound. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a framework for assessing the environmental impacts of product systems and decisions. The metal must be mined and extracted from the mountain causing an emission of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases (Wang). Figure: Life Cycle Assessment steps: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment and interpretation (Sala et al., 2016) In the goal and scope phase, the aims of the study are defined, namely the intended application, the reasons for carrying out the study and the intended audience. 0 8tZ The mixed plastics used in most of the razor take hundreds of years to break down in landfill, and the blades, while the metal is recyclable if separated from the rest of the product, poses a safety hazard for both the consumer and the employees who handle recyclables. The largest difference in environmental impacts is seen in the impact category of carcinogenesis, in which reusable LMAs cause 5% of the impacts of disposable LMAs. endstream endobj 752 0 obj <>stream Flying staff to meetings, shipping, and distributing the product is the highest offender for the planet. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Product Ecology (PR) Consultants, 2011, 11. A life-cycle assessment or LCA is a 'cradle to grave' analysis of the impact of a manufactured product on the environment. Lippiatt BC, Boyles AS. However, given the environmental toll to such a fast accumulating, and non-biodegradable product, waste management must be more considered by both the manufacturers and the buyers. mmw*vA|5v*3n9IUt){e%!HN6@` xcr@pz*Fbiq%1!TJ-CF*1OS|UZU\vQL7M?m'b-,r~S}Y&/{#U6U)S|%q[RB !3j~tj$h>5qtsJ./j?;eosyy*"Z`'wG"M6]O}UKqw[LzY9e B,s&C4++_tI~& Me*lNU"Uigq\u7{:&VNC'rT]FB5jOa.%N%1*stBC]%y&RDs"#&iUX&?8sh:wJo ZjbO|KFmfC{:oX~'b> For a number of perioperative textiles, surgical instruments, and anesthetic devices, a life cycle assessment (LCA) has been done and has shown reusables to be environmentally favorable to disposables [ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2010;48:139, 24. WC2N 6EZ, Redesigning the razor Life Cycle Assessment. Life Cycle Impact Assessment is the estimation of indicators of the environmental pressures in terms of e.g. The use of disposable razors is unsustainable with our growing population and increased demand. The sheets are then cut out using a process called die stamping, using a tool called a die stamp which is a special, one-of-a-kind precision tool that cuts and forms sheet metal into a desired shape or profile, where the blades are die stamped at a rate of 800-1,200 strokes a minute into the desired shape and size (Hedrick, Die Basics 101: Intro to Stamping.). The largest sources of both cancer and noncancer impacts for the reusable LMA are from emissions from waste management (35%), the mining and production of metals to build wastewater treatment infrastructure (25%), and the bleaching of packaging paper and the card insert (20%). Shabecoff, Philip. You Asked, We Answered. Chronicle, 12 June 2015, chronicle.kennametal.com/what-is-tungsten-carbide-you-asked-we-answered/. Marvel Product Razor Lady Body Shaver Disposable Razore. 5.Interpret and analyse the results. A combination of transportation methods is used depending on where the product needs to go. Anesth Analg 1993;77:1079, 21. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation | Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, www.bts.gov/content/energy-consumption-mode-transportation. Comparison of the single use and reusable intubating laryngeal mask airway. BIC Group, 2016, Sustainable Development Report. The aim of this paper is to analyse substitutes to disposable plastic tableware using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. However, by looking at just this one company, there is a sense of the massive amount of direct and indirect emissions from just the making of razors that are thrown away so quickly after use, with an increase annually of users. There much environmentally friendly options when it comes to shavings, such as the traditional safety razor and straight razors, which can have a much longer life than disposable razors. Finally, the assessment will be carried out on the new design to assess if it has a lower impact than the other options analysed. BIC is a French manufacturing company that produces a variety of disposable consumer products like pens, lighters and disposable razors. Finally, the need for manual labor in the cleaning process of reusable LMAs contributed to the costs of these LMAs. Overall BIC is an industry leader when it comes to reducing the environmental impact that their disposable products make. Composition Assumptions for Disposable and Reusable Largyngeal Mask Airways (LMAs). Health care facilities can decrease their environmental impacts by using reusable LMAs, to a lesser extent by selecting disposable LMA models that are not made of certain plastics, and by ordering in bulk from local distributors. Each year in Italy, millions of tons of fruits and vegetables are harvested, packed and transported to national and foreign retail outlets. Another advantage is that the process produces a single score (Eco-Indicator Point) for the all the impacts of the product, not just individual ones for each part. There are many detailed stages but the main ones are: extracting and. The LCA is broken into four stages: Defining the goal and scope how much of a product's lifecycle will be addressed, the reasons for carrying out the assessment, the intended audience, and the intended end-use [] After the plastic body is manufactured it goes through inspections similar to ones the blades go through. Two Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methodologies were employed using SimaPro software 51,52 to calculate the environmental impacts of manufacturing both the plastic and compostable coffee . Kaplan, Desire. Information on PPO plastics are difficult to find, as most of the data is about how it is made, and the chemical makeup and stability of the plastic, rather than information on the decomposition rate or waste used in the making of it. The total energy consumption of the Babyplast in its four-step molding cycle of setup, fill, cool, and reset was approximately 4.5 kilowatts (Weissman et.al). f'C58NQ}i:]1 $Nh@b8H|iWILGgj{J27]Xp0N@h+ !` >q However, we can discuss the energy usage of different modes of transportation. After the products make their way to consumers and serve their purpose, the waste must be dealt with. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011, 16. Sensitivity and simple life cycle cost analyses were conducted to aid in interpretation of the results. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Life-cycle assessment stages After the reusable LMA was washed and dried, it was then placed into a heat seal pouch, made of polypropylene film and paper. Biron, Michel. 3. In this case it was very difficult to see what materials the product contained and exactly how it was manufactured (as the big manufacturing companies wouldnt disclose this information), so some of the data had to be assumed. Ison E, Miller A. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 rev, 25. It is used to assist companies, consumers, and policy-makers in greening their practices and decisions. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Task Force on Infection Control. Once in the landfill, it usually takes around 20-30 years to breakdown. We purchase the product in a store, use the product for removing unwanted body and facial hair until it eventually dulls, and then we toss it in the bathroom trash, unaware of where it goes or where it came from. The product has several innovative elements, due to the implementation of eco-design principles, such as: (1) introduction of biopolymers (namely polylactic acid (PLA) and Mater-bi), (2) relevant . During production, two components have to be created which are the blade and the plastic body. to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without When you take your blades in to the scrap metal center, choose the steel recycling bin. Park Ridge, IL: American Society of Anesthesiologists, 1999, 15. The next step the blade goes through is called polishing in which is done using strops made out of cowhide to get the desired blade edge shape, the blade is then cut into the sizes of the individual blades, which are then sent off to be inspected. Introduction Paper diapers are roughly divided into two types: those for infants and those for adults. In the case of the disposable razor however, it is fairly simple due to its nature. The tungsten carbide is then ground into an extremely fine powder in a wet mill process, where metal binders and other metals such as cobalt may be added to increase the metals strength and durability and to help hold the powder together when it is shaped. : Uses, Benefits, and Safety Facts, ChemicalSafetyFacts.org,). It all starts with the melting and combining of the desired metal. Bics direct emissions were from: a combustion of fossil fuels, primarily natural gas and fuel oil, mainly used to heat buildings. Ask a worker if you can put them in the bin by themselves or if they need to be in a recyclable container to protect sanitation workers from being cut. To begin the process of creating the razor blades, tungsten carbide, which is the metal that the blades and other optional components are made of, must first be manufactured. This is where most of the complexity of an LCA is involved. It can be used to study the environmental impact of either a product or the function the product is designed to perform. The life cycle assessment results shown here allow clinicians and health care administrators to understand the balance between direct benefits of a given LMA choice to local patient care and the environmental and human health impacts of that choice that occur far from the operating room. Individually autoclaving the reusable LMA (because of stock shortages, for example) increased life cycle GHG emissions by >400%, whereas loading with 10 LMAs per cycle decreased emissions by nearly 25%. The newest effort to recycle disposable razors is being done in France by BIC, but the company has said that they do not plan on unveiling a recycling program anywhere else yet (Powers). Overall, while the materials for disposable razors are few, and the products basic design makes it appear simplistic, the products lifecycle is far from simple. International Sympsium on Sustainable Systems and Technology. Not all form of impacts are valued the same, so the ones with the largest impact should be tackled first in order to produce the maximum overall improvement. Reusable LMAs in general appear to be made largely of silicone, lacking these same concerns for PVC/DEHP. This means, of the 2 billion razors disposed of annually within the United States, each razor will be on the planet longer than the people who used them. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The second component of the razor is the plastic body which is made of a fairly inexpensive plastic called polystyrene. For both environmental and cost considerations, management and operating procedures should be put in place to ensure that reusable LMAs are not discarded prematurely.
Merchant Solutions Group Llc Debt Collector, Terramor Community Association, Articles L